The Vent and Burn Option

On February 3, 2023, a Norfolk Southern freight train carrying hazardous materials derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, leading to a significant environmental and public health crisis. The incident raised immediate concerns about rail transport safety but highlighted critical lessons in incident command, emergency response, and hazardous materials management. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) tasked the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) with providing valuable insights for first responders and emergency management agencies.

Understanding the Incident

The derailment resulted in multiple rail tank cars releasing vinyl chloride, a highly flammable and toxic substance. In response to the incident, emergency responders faced the daunting task of containing the fire, managing hazardous materials, and ensuring public safety. The situation's complexity required a well-coordinated incident command system (ICS) that can adapt to rapidly changing conditions.

Incident Command Lessons

Unified Command Structure: The East Palestine incident underscored the importance of a unified command approach. This command structure, involving multiple agencies from local fire departments to state and federal entities, is crucial in establishing clear communication and responsibilities. The success of a unified command structure relies on the involvement of multiple internal and external stakeholders, including the community in which the incident occurred. Unified command facilitates a collaborative environment where resources can be pooled, and strategies can be developed based on comprehensive situational awareness, providing reassurance and confidence in your roles.

Rapid Assessment and Decision-Making: The initial situation assessment was critical in determining the appropriate response. The NTSB report emphasized the need for quick decision-making in hazardous materials incidents. The Emergency Response Guidebook was developed specifically for these complex incidents, providing essential guidance to initial first responders. A well-trained ICS can streamline the assessment process, allowing for timely actions that can mitigate the impact of the incident, making you feel prepared and ready to act in a crisis.

Public Communication: Effective communication with the public is paramount during such crises. The incident demonstrated the need for timely updates to inform residents of risks, evacuation orders, and safety measures. Establishing a public information officer within the ICS can help manage the flow of information and address community concerns.

Vent and Burn Tactic

The vent and burn tactic is an effective last resort to prevent the uncontrolled release of hazardous material within a damaged rail car in which car failure has been deemed imminent. This tactic involved intentionally releasing and igniting the remaining vinyl chloride in the tank cars to prevent uncontrolled explosions. This rare tactic aims to reduce the overall hazard by allowing for a controlled burn, minimizing the risk of catastrophic failure of the tank cars. It is important to review the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) 2007 Tank Car Vent and Burn Process Study: Phase II study provides Appendix A. (DOT FRA ORD-07-27 Vent Burn II Report.pdf) Vent and Burn Checklist for responders when evaluating incidents.

Advantages of the Vent and Burn Tactic: A controlled vent and burn allow for the managed release of hazardous materials, reducing the risk of potential explosions. Catastrophic failure may occur with incomplete and misleading information; all parties need to be engaged at the unified command with a voice for these critical decisions. One important step to emphasize, per the NTSB, is obtaining information from the shipper, when considering this tactic. With the potential for rapid pressure buildup by the hazardous materials, responders can quickly mitigate the threat, allowing for more effective containment efforts.

Disadvantages of the Vent and Burn Tactic: The controlled burn's potential environmental impact produces hazardous smoke and fumes, raising concerns about air quality and environmental contamination.

Public Perception: The decision to use vent burn tactics can lead to community fear and distrust, mainly if not communicated effectively.

Moving Forward

Based on the lessons learned from the East Palestine derailment, the IAFC Hazmat Committee recommends the following:

• Enhanced Training for First Responders: Regular training and simulations involving hazardous materials incidents can prepare responders for complex situations like derailments. Understanding the nuances of different response tactics, including vent burns, is crucial.
• Following a Risk-Based Preparedness and Response Process: This process needs to be utilized to access critical information and guidance addressing emerging risks and personnel resources. A proper process will direct the proper funding and time to train first responders in safe operations and incident commanders in making informed decisions.
• Improved Interagency Coordination: Establishing protocols for interagency cooperation before incidents occur can streamline response efforts during crises. This includes joint training exercises and developing shared communication processes.
• Strengthen Community Engagement: Building trust with the community through proactive engagement and education on hazardous materials transport can alleviate fears and improve public cooperation during emergencies. Community members should be strongly encouraged to actively participate in emergency preparation events and drills conducted by response agencies, fostering a sense of connection and support.
• Review and Adaptation of Response Protocols: Continuous evaluation of response strategies based on recent incidents ensures that best practices are adopted and refined. Incorporating lessons from the NTSB into training and operational protocols is essential.

In conclusion, the East Palestine train derailment serves as a sobering reminder of the complexities of managing hazardous materials emergencies. The ongoing environmental and health concerns continue to be seen today, highlighting the long-term impact of this incident. By learning from the NTSB report and the experiences of first responders, the IAFC Hazmat Committee emphasizes the need for improved incident command structures, effective communication strategies, and careful consideration of response tactics like vent burns. These lessons are critical to enhancing public safety and environmental protection in the face of future incidents.

Chief Shaw is Deputy Fire Chief of Jupiter (FL) Fire Rescue and a member of the IAFC Hazmat Committee